Cholangiocarcinoma

Definition

Cholangiocarcinoma is a rare and aggressive cancer that begins in the bile ducts, which are slender tubes that carry bile from the liver to the small intestine. It can occur inside the liver (intrahepatic) or outside it (extrahepatic).

Characteristics

This cancer typically develops silently and may remain asymptomatic until advanced stages. When symptoms occur, they often include jaundice, itching, abdominal pain, unexplained weight loss, and dark urine. Risk factors include chronic inflammation of the bile ducts, primary sclerosing cholangitis, certain parasitic infections, and liver diseases.

Diagnosis and Prognosis

Diagnosis involves imaging tests (ultrasound, CT, MRI), blood tests for liver function, and biopsy. Molecular testing may help guide treatment. Prognosis is often poor due to late detection, but early-stage intrahepatic tumors may be surgically removed with better outcomes.

Treatment

Treatment depends on the tumor’s location and extent. Surgery is the preferred option when feasible. In more advanced cases, options include chemotherapy, radiation, targeted therapy, and, in selected cases, liver transplantation. Clinical trials are expanding therapeutic possibilities, especially for tumors with actionable mutations.

Last Revised: 12 May , 2025