Neuroblastoma

Definition

Neuroblastoma is a cancer that develops from immature nerve cells and most commonly affects infants and young children. It usually begins in the adrenal glands but can also arise in nerve tissue along the spine, chest, abdomen, or pelvis.

Characteristics

Symptoms vary based on tumor location and may include abdominal swelling, bone pain, fatigue, fever, weight loss, and dark circles around the eyes. Some tumors produce hormones that cause symptoms like high blood pressure or flushing. Neuroblastoma can range from low-risk, localized disease to high-risk, widely spread cancer.

Diagnosis and Prognosis

Diagnosis involves imaging tests (CT, MRI, MIBG scan), urine and blood tests, and biopsy. Prognosis depends on age at diagnosis, stage, tumor biology, and risk classification. Younger children with localized disease usually have better outcomes.

Treatment

Treatment varies by risk group. It may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplant, immunotherapy, or targeted therapy. High-risk cases often require aggressive, multimodal treatment.

Last Revised: 12 May , 2025