Adrenocortical Carcinoma

Definition

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and aggressive cancer that forms in the outer layer of the adrenal glands, which sit above the kidneys and produce essential hormones like cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens.

Characteristics

ACC can cause excess hormone production, leading to symptoms such as high blood pressure, weight gain, or unusual hair growth. Some tumors are non-functional and may grow silently until they reach a significant size or spread.

Diagnosis and Prognosis

Diagnosis includes imaging tests (CT or MRI), blood and urine hormone tests, and biopsy. Prognosis depends on the tumor’s size, hormone activity, and whether it has spread beyond the adrenal gland. Early-stage tumors have a better outcome.

Treatment

Surgical removal of the adrenal gland is the primary treatment. If the cancer has spread, additional therapies such as mitotane (an adrenal-specific chemotherapy), radiation, or systemic chemotherapy may be used.

Last Revised: 12 May , 2025