Anal Cancer

Definition

Anal cancer is a rare malignancy that forms in the tissues of the anus, the end of the digestive tract. It most often develops in the squamous cells lining the anal canal.

Characteristics

This cancer is strongly linked to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, particularly HPV-16. It may cause symptoms like rectal bleeding, pain, itching, or a lump near the anus. Some cases remain asymptomatic in early stages.

Diagnosis and Prognosis

Diagnosis includes physical exams, anoscopy, biopsy, and imaging tests to assess tumor spread. Prognosis is generally favorable if detected early, but outcomes depend on tumor size and whether lymph nodes are involved.

Treatment

Standard care typically combines chemotherapy and radiation therapy (chemoradiation), which can eliminate the tumor while preserving anal function. Surgery may be required for recurrent or resistant cases.

Last Revised: 12 May , 2025