Bladder Cancer

Definition

Bladder cancer begins in the tissues of the bladder, the organ that stores urine. Most bladder cancers start in the urothelial cells that line the inside of the bladder.

Characteristics

It is more common in older adults and often linked to smoking and exposure to certain chemicals. The most frequent symptom is blood in the urine (hematuria), but patients may also experience pain during urination or frequent urination.

Diagnosis and Prognosis

Diagnosis includes urine tests, cystoscopy (a scope inserted into the bladder), imaging, and biopsy. Prognosis depends on the cancer’s stage and grade. Non-muscle-invasive forms have a good outlook, while muscle-invasive or metastatic forms are more challenging to treat.

Treatment

Treatment varies by stage and may include surgery, intravesical therapy (medications placed directly into the bladder), chemotherapy, radiation, or immunotherapy. Invasive cases might require removal of the bladder (cystectomy) and reconstructive surgery.

Last Revised: 12 May , 2025