Breast Cancer

Definition

Breast cancer is a disease in which malignant cells form in the tissues of the breast, most commonly in the ducts or lobules. It can affect both women and men, although it is far more common in women.

Characteristics

There are several subtypes, including ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), invasive ductal carcinoma, and invasive lobular carcinoma. Tumors may be hormone receptor-positive, HER2-positive, or triple-negative, each with different behaviors and treatment responses. Early signs may include a lump, nipple discharge, or skin changes.

Diagnosis and Prognosis

Breast cancer’s diagnosis is typically made through mammograms, ultrasound, MRI, and biopsy. Genetic tests may be used to guide treatment. Prognosis depends on the tumor’s size, stage, receptor status, and lymph node involvement. Early detection improves outcomes significantly.

Treatment

Treatment options include surgery (lumpectomy or mastectomy), radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and targeted therapies. Treatment is tailored to tumor characteristics and patient preferences. Long-term follow-up is often required to monitor recurrence risk.

Last Revised: 12 May , 2025