Cervical Cancer

Definition

Cervical cancer starts in the cells lining the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It is most commonly caused by persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV).

Characteristics

Cervical cancer typically develops slowly and may not cause symptoms in early stages. When present, symptoms may include abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, or pain during intercourse. The two main types are squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma.

Diagnosis and Prognosis

Diagnosis involves Pap tests, HPV testing, colposcopy, biopsy, and imaging if cancer is suspected. Prognosis depends on the stage at diagnosis. Early-stage cervical cancer has a high cure rate, while advanced cases require more aggressive treatment.

Treatment

Treatment options include surgery (such as hysterectomy), radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy may be considered for recurrent or metastatic disease. HPV vaccination and regular screening greatly reduce the risk.

Last Revised: 12 May , 2025