Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)

Definition

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a slow-growing cancer of the bone marrow and blood that results in the overproduction of abnormal white blood cells. It is defined by the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome, a genetic abnormality.

Characteristics

CML progresses through three phases: chronic, accelerated, and blast crisis. Most patients are diagnosed in the chronic phase. Symptoms may include fatigue, night sweats, weight loss, or an enlarged spleen, though some people are asymptomatic at diagnosis.

Diagnosis and Prognosis

Diagnosis involves blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, and genetic testing to detect the BCR-ABL1 gene fusion. With targeted therapy, many patients achieve long-term remission. Prognosis is generally favorable with early and consistent treatment.

Treatment

Targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) is the standard of care and can control the disease for years. In resistant cases or advanced stages, chemotherapy or stem cell transplant may be considered.

Last Revised: 12 May , 2025