Embryonal Tumors Childhood CNS

Definition

CNS embryonal tumors are a group of rare, fast-growing brain and spinal cord cancers that originate from undeveloped (embryonic) nerve cells. They are most common in young children.

Characteristics

These tumors include medulloblastomas, embryonal tumors with multilayered rosettes (ETMR), and other rare subtypes. They typically appear in the cerebellum or other central nervous system regions. Symptoms depend on tumor location and may include headaches, nausea, vomiting, balance issues, or behavioral changes.

Diagnosis and Prognosis

Diagnosis involves MRI, lumbar puncture, and biopsy. Molecular testing helps classify the tumor and guide treatment. Prognosis varies widely by tumor type, age, molecular subtype, and how much of the tumor can be removed. Some embryonal tumors are highly aggressive.

Treatment

Standard treatment includes surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. In very young children, radiation may be delayed or replaced with intensive chemotherapy to reduce long-term effects. Treatment is usually tailored based on the tumor’s genetic profile.

Last Revised: 12 May , 2025