Esophageal Cancer

Definition

Esophageal cancer starts in the lining of the esophagus, the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. The two main types are squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma.

Characteristics

Squamous cell carcinoma typically affects the upper and middle parts of the esophagus and is linked to smoking and alcohol use. Adenocarcinoma usually forms in the lower esophagus and is often associated with chronic acid reflux and Barrett’s esophagus. Common symptoms include difficulty swallowing, chest pain, unintentional weight loss, and chronic heartburn.

Diagnosis and Prognosis

Diagnosis involves endoscopy with biopsy, imaging (CT, PET), and sometimes endoscopic ultrasound. Prognosis depends on tumor stage and location. Early-stage cancers have better outcomes, but many are diagnosed at advanced stages due to subtle early symptoms.

Treatment

Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination (chemoradiation). In some cases, targeted therapy or immunotherapy is used. Treatment strategy depends on tumor stage, location, and patient health.

Last Revised: 12 May , 2025