Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumors

Definition

Extragonadal germ cell tumors are rare cancers that arise from germ cells located outside the ovaries or testes. These tumors can form in the mediastinum (chest), retroperitoneum (abdomen), or other unusual locations.

Characteristics

They can be benign or malignant, and include seminomas, non-seminomas, and mixed tumors. Symptoms depend on tumor location, such as chest pain or difficulty breathing for mediastinal tumors, or abdominal swelling for retroperitoneal tumors. These cancers often appear in teenagers and young adults.

Diagnosis and Prognosis

Diagnosis involves imaging studies, blood tests for tumor markers (AFP, β-hCG), and biopsy. Prognosis varies by tumor type and stage, but many cases respond well to treatment, especially when diagnosed early.

Treatment

Standard treatment includes chemotherapy and surgery. Radiotherapy is occasionally used. Long-term monitoring is important due to the risk of recurrence and late side effects, particularly for mediastinal tumors which may be more aggressive.

Last Revised: 12 May , 2025