Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors

Definition

Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors (GI NETs) are rare cancers that form in hormone-producing cells of the digestive system, including the stomach, intestines, pancreas, and rectum.

Characteristics

These tumors can grow slowly or aggressively and may release hormones that cause specific symptoms like flushing, diarrhea, and wheezing, known as carcinoid syndrome. Many GI NETs are found incidentally during tests for other conditions.

Diagnosis and Prognosis

Diagnosis involves blood and urine tests for hormone levels, imaging like CT or MRI scans, endoscopy, and biopsy. Prognosis depends on tumor size, location, grade, and whether it has spread. Many small, localized NETs have a favorable outcome.

Treatment

Treatment options include surgery, hormone therapy (such as somatostatin analogs), targeted therapy, chemotherapy, and peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT). The treatment approach depends on the tumor’s behavior and spread.

Last Revised: 12 May , 2025