Germ Cell Tumors Extragonadal

Definition

Extragonadal germ cell tumors are rare cancers that develop from germ cells located outside the ovaries or testes. These tumors can form in the mediastinum (chest), retroperitoneum (abdomen), or other unusual locations.

Characteristics

They can be benign or malignant and include seminomas, non-seminomas, and mixed tumors. Symptoms vary depending on location, such as chest pain or breathing difficulties for mediastinal tumors, or abdominal swelling for retroperitoneal tumors. These tumors are more common in teenagers and young adults.

Diagnosis and Prognosis

Diagnosis involves imaging (CT, MRI), blood tests for tumor markers (AFP, β-hCG), and biopsy. Prognosis depends on tumor type, location, and spread. Many patients respond well to treatment when diagnosed early.

Treatment

Treatment usually combines chemotherapy and surgery. Radiotherapy is used less frequently. Long-term follow-up is important to detect recurrences or manage late side effects, particularly for mediastinal tumors.

Last Revised: 12 May , 2025