Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer

Definition

Lip and oral cavity cancer forms in the tissues of the lips or the inside of the mouth, including the tongue, gums, floor of the mouth, and the inner cheeks. Most cases are squamous cell carcinomas.

Characteristics

Major risk factors include tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Symptoms can include a sore or lump in the mouth that does not heal, pain, bleeding, difficulty chewing or swallowing, and changes in speech.

Diagnosis and Prognosis

Diagnosis involves a physical exam, biopsy, imaging tests, and sometimes endoscopy. Prognosis depends on the tumor’s size, location, and whether it has spread to lymph nodes. Early detection improves the chances of successful treatment.

Treatment

Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination. Surgery is often the first step, followed by additional therapies if needed. Rehabilitation may be necessary to restore speech and swallowing functions.

Last Revised: 12 May , 2025