Melanoma

Definition

Melanoma is an aggressive form of skin cancer that begins in melanocytes, the cells responsible for producing pigment (melanin). Although it accounts for a small percentage of skin cancers, it causes the majority of skin cancer deaths.

Characteristics

Melanoma often appears as a new mole or a change in an existing mole. Signs include asymmetry, irregular borders, multiple colors, large diameter, or evolution over time (ABCDE rule). Risk factors include excessive UV exposure, fair skin, family history, and a high number of moles.

Diagnosis and Prognosis

Diagnosis involves skin examination, dermoscopy, and biopsy. Further imaging or lymph node evaluation may be needed for staging. Prognosis depends heavily on tumor thickness and spread. Early-stage melanomas have an excellent prognosis, while advanced melanoma can be life-threatening.

Treatment

Treatment usually involves surgical excision. For advanced disease, options include immunotherapy, targeted therapy, chemotherapy, and sometimes radiation therapy. Newer treatments have significantly improved survival for metastatic melanoma.

Last Revised: 12 May , 2025