Multiple Myeloma

Definition

Multiple myeloma is a blood cancer that develops in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell found in the bone marrow. These cancerous cells interfere with normal blood cell production and can damage bones, kidneys, and the immune system.

Characteristics
Common symptoms include bone pain (especially in the spine or ribs), fatigue, frequent infections, high calcium levels, kidney problems, and anemia. It often develops slowly and may be preceded by a condition called monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS).

Diagnosis and Prognosis

Diagnosis involves blood and urine tests for abnormal proteins, bone marrow biopsy, and imaging (X-rays, MRI, CT, or PET scans). Prognosis depends on factors such as age, stage at diagnosis, and genetic abnormalities. While it is considered incurable, multiple myeloma can often be managed for years with modern therapies.

Treatment

Treatment may include chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, corticosteroids, and stem cell transplantation. Maintenance therapy is often used to prolong remission, and treatment plans are tailored to the patient’s health and disease characteristics.

Last Revised: 12 May , 2025