Retinoblastoma

Definition

Retinoblastoma is a rare type of eye cancer that develops in the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. It primarily affects young children, usually under the age of five.

Characteristics

Symptoms may include a white color in the pupil (often noticed in photographs), crossed eyes, poor vision, eye redness, or swelling. Retinoblastoma can occur in one eye (unilateral) or both eyes (bilateral) and may be inherited in some cases.

Diagnosis and Prognosis

Diagnosis is made through a detailed eye exam, ultrasound, MRI, and sometimes genetic testing. Prognosis is excellent if diagnosed early, with high survival rates, although vision loss may still occur depending on tumor size and location.

Treatment

Treatment depends on tumor size, location, and whether the cancer has spread. Options include chemotherapy, laser therapy, cryotherapy, radiation therapy, and in some cases, surgical removal of the eye (enucleation) to save the child’s life.

Last Revised: 12 May , 2025