Testicular Cancer

Definition

Testicular cancer is a cancer that develops in the tissues of one or both testicles, the male reproductive glands. It is most common in young and middle-aged men.

Characteristics

There are two main types: seminomas and non-seminomas. Symptoms can include a lump or swelling in the testicle, a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum, pain or discomfort, and sometimes lower back pain if the cancer has spread.

Diagnosis and Prognosis

Diagnosis involves physical examination, ultrasound of the scrotum, blood tests for tumor markers (AFP, β-hCG, LDH), and imaging studies. Prognosis is excellent, with high cure rates even in cases where the cancer has spread.

Treatment

Treatment typically includes surgery to remove the affected testicle (orchiectomy). Depending on the type and stage, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or further surgery may be needed. Fertility preservation discussions are important before starting treatment.

Last Revised: 12 May , 2025