Vaginal Cancer

Definition

Vaginal cancer is a rare malignancy that begins in the tissues of the vagina. The most common type is squamous cell carcinoma, followed by adenocarcinoma, melanoma, and sarcoma. It primarily affects older women.

Characteristics

Symptoms may include abnormal vaginal bleeding (especially after intercourse or menopause), vaginal discharge, pain during intercourse, a lump or mass in the vagina, and pelvic pain. Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is a major risk factor.

Diagnosis and Prognosis

Diagnosis involves pelvic examination, Pap test, biopsy, and imaging such as MRI or CT to assess tumor spread. Prognosis depends on the tumor’s size, type, location, and stage. Early-stage vaginal cancer has a more favorable outlook.

Treatment

Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Early-stage cancers may be treated with localized surgery or brachytherapy. Advanced or recurrent cases often require a combination of treatments. HPV vaccination may help prevent some cases.

Last Revised: 12 May , 2025