Vulvar Cancer

Definition

Vulvar cancer is a rare gynecologic cancer that forms in the external genital organs of women, primarily affecting the labia. The most common type is squamous cell carcinoma, but melanoma and other less common forms can also occur.

Characteristics

Early symptoms may include persistent itching, burning, pain, or tenderness in the vulvar area. Other signs include a lump, ulcer, or wart-like growth, as well as bleeding or changes in skin color or texture. HPV infection and chronic inflammatory conditions like lichen sclerosus are known risk factors.

Diagnosis and Prognosis

Diagnosis involves a pelvic exam, colposcopy, biopsy, and imaging tests (such as MRI or CT) to evaluate the extent of disease. Prognosis depends on the cancer type, size, depth of invasion, and whether it has spread to lymph nodes. Early detection greatly improves outcomes.

Treatment

Treatment options include surgery (local excision or vulvectomy), radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and in some cases, targeted or immunotherapy. Lymph node evaluation is often part of surgical management. Treatment plans aim to balance cancer control with preservation of function and quality of life.

Last Revised: 12 May , 2025